ABSTRACT
China's socioeconomic transformation and rapid urbanization since the end of the 20th Century have had an important impact on the social spatial structure of large cities. Social differentiation within cities is becoming increasingly prominent. Using detailed data gathered by the Fifth National Population Census of 2000, this study compares the social spatial structure and dynamic mechanisms of the core areas of the cities of Beijing and Chengdu. Factorial ecology analysis is used at the mesoscale to explore the following research questions: ‘How did factors shape the social spaces of two cities with similar topography but at different stages of development during China's transition from a planned to a market economy?';and ‘Are the traditional Western theories of socio-spatial interpretation equally applicable to China?'. The results show that Chengdu exhibits a combination of a concentric circle, fan-shaped, and multi-core socio-spatial structure, while Beijing shows a fan-shaped structure. In 2000, influenced by its overall level and stage of socioeconomic development, Beijing was experiencing a faster socio-spatial transformation than Chengdu, and the driving effect of capital on social differentiation and spatial competition was more obvious. The main dynamic mechanisms driving the formation of socio-spatial structures in Beijing and Chengdu include the natural environmental foundation, historical inheritance, urban planning, housing policies, and international influence. The three major variables in the study of traditional Western social spaces, namely economy, family, and ethnic status, were confirmed as applicable to our two case study cities with socioeconomic status as measured by occupation and housing conditions exerting the strongest effect. This perspective of comparing different cities in the same transitional period offers unique insights in identifying the key drivers of socio-spatial differentiation and polarization and their relative magnitude of effect, while enriching the catalog of empirical urban social space research both in China and in the rest of the world.
ABSTRACT
During last decade there is a constant increase in number of new properties built in Zagreb. There is a large number of new residences, as well as business buildings constructed, with a direct impact on revenue increase of construction companies working in Zagreb area. Regardless of the fact that number of Zagreb population has not changed significantly in last decade, there is an increase of new buildings followed by significant price increase of real estate, especially during last five years. Lack of commercial, or business buildings in Zagreb, as well as workplace deficit in Slavonia have an impact on demand growth in Zagreb real estate sector. With additional flow of Croatian students to Zagreb, demand for quality accommodation has a direct impact on real estate selling price. Recently there was a significant price increase of material and labor, which had additional impact of real estate price increase. Goal of this paper is to analyze available public data that represents material price change, as well as to analyze financial reports of biggest construction companies from Zagreb area. Analyzed data should display impact of material and labor price increase on real estate price increase, and what could be anticipated in following years.
ABSTRACT
An article in this issue of American Family Physician describes the importance of spirometry in making an accurate diagnosis of obstructive lung disease and in distinguishing between asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.1 An analysis of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) Lung Study—a prospective cohort study of more than 3,000 participants—found that the use of race corrections in spirometry interpretation did not help to predict chronic lower respiratory disease events any more accurately than the use of race-neutral calculations.2 This analysis demonstrated how a 65-year-old man with a specific height, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and forced vital capacity (FVC) would receive a percentage-predicted FEV1 result of 70% (i.e., moderate lung disease) using a White race correction as opposed to a result of 82% (i.e., normal lung function) using a Black race correction because of assumptions that Black patients have a smaller lung capacity.2 Thus, a Black patient could receive a false-negative interpretation of results and be deprived of symptomatic treatment or more targeted counseling for underlying asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Others have raised concerns about the use of race-based spirometry in assessing recovery following COVID-19 infection, which could result in missing the diagnosis of restrictive ventilatory dysfunction.3
ABSTRACT
[...]in the Australian context, the constitution indicates that trade between the States shall be absolutely free1. Policymakers have the authority to make policies for their own jurisdictions and a finding that a State border acts as a barrier also implies that State policy may impact on local labour market conditions while their impacts, i.e., higher or lower unemployment rates, may not be diminished through the equalising impact of increased cross border commuting (Marston, 1985). While there are a number of implications of border effects, if they exist, a brief search of the regional science literature indicates a paucity of research on this topic in Australia. [...]this paper addresses an important research gap of interest for a number of different reasons. Besides providing details of the flows between SA2s, this data has been used to derive estimates of the size of the origin and potential destination regions (in terms of the numbers of employed people), both of which are variables frequently incorporated in spatial interaction models.
ABSTRACT
This paper analyzes and provides estimates of the undercount of the foreign-born in the US Census Bureau’s 2020 American Community Survey (ACS). It confirms that a differential undercount occurred in the 2020 ACS. In particular, noncitizens that arrived from Central American countries after 1981 had undercount rates of 15–25 percent, but undercount of noncitizens that arrived from European countries in the same period was not detectable by the methods described in this paper. The Center for Migration Studies of New York (CMS) and others use ACS data to derive annual estimates of the US undocumented population. The Census Bureau recently reported that the total population count for the 2020 Census was consistent with the count for recent censuses, despite the Covid-19 pandemic and the Trump administration’s interference in the 2020 Census. Nonetheless, the accuracy of 2020 ACS data for the noncitizen population that arrived after 1981 remains a major concern given the fear generated by the Trump administration’s abusive rhetoric and anti-immigrant policies. The estimates set forth in this paper were derived by analyzing trends in annual ACS data for 2016–2020 compiled from the IPUMS website (Ruggles et al. 2021). Decennial census data cannot be used for this purpose because data on country of birth, citizenship, and year of immigration are not collected in the census. However, it is reasonable to believe that the 2020 census and the 2020 ACS experienced similar challenges because they were conducted under comparable conditions. The patterns of undercount of noncitizens described here for the 2020 ACS are likely mirrored in the 2020 census and will reduce federal funding and representation to affected cities and states for the next decade.
ABSTRACT
Chapter 4 of Library Technology Reports (vol. 58, no. 4), “Datasets,” introduces the largest and most commonly used datasets in the census universe, the unique characteristics of each, and the appropriateness of using a dataset for a particular purpose. The chapter covers the decennial census, American Community Survey, Population Estimates, Business Patterns, and the Economic Census.
ABSTRACT
Population spatialization data is crucial to conducting scientific studies of coupled human–environment systems. Although significant progress has been made in population spatialization, the spatialization of different age populations is still weak. POI data with rich information have great potential to simulate the spatial distribution of different age populations, but the relationship between spatial distributions of POI and different age populations is still unclear, and whether it can be used as an auxiliary variable for the different age population spatialization remains to be explored. Therefore, this study collected and sorted out the number of different age populations and POIs in 2846 county-level administrative units of the Chinese mainland in 2010, divided the research data by region and city size, and explored the relationship between the different age populations and POIs. We found that there is a complex relationship between POI and different age populations. Firstly, there are positive, moderate-to-strong linear correlations between POI and population indicators. Secondly, POI has a different explanatory power for different age populations, and it has a higher explanatory power for the young and middle-aged population than the child and old population. Thirdly, the explanatory power of POI to different age populations is positively correlated with the urban economic development level. Finally, a small number of a certain kinds of POIs can be used to effectively simulate the spatial distributions of different age populations, which can improve the efficiency of obtaining spatialization data of different age populations and greatly save on costs. The study can provide data support for the precise spatialization of different age populations and inspire the spatialization of the other population attributes by POI in the future.
ABSTRACT
Policies have been implemented in New Zealand since the early 1990s that encourage long-term immigration of skilled workers and greater temporary immigration of unskilled workers. This paper investigates the contribution of immigration to change in income inequality of New Zealand's urban population and compares that with the contribution of the changing skill composition of the population. We apply sub-group and Shapley-value-regression decompositions of inequality to calculate contributions of eight population groups, defined by skill level and migration status, to inequality. We use microdata from six consecutive population censuses between 1986 and 2013. We find with both methodologies that: (1) more than 90 per cent of income inequality in each census can be attributed to within-group inequality;(2) the growth in the share of the population that is highly skilled and the growth in the share of foreign born in the population both had inequality-increasing effects;(3) the skill effect exceeded the migration effect. The findings suggest that changes to the level and skill composition of future immigration - triggered by the anticipated 'reset' of New Zealand immigration policies when the border re-opens after the subsiding of the COVID-19 pandemic - will impact on future income inequality. Hence our decomposition approaches ought to be revisited after the 2023 census data become available to measure early effects of any new policies.